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Ghazala Saleem, left, director of the Brain Function and Recovery Lab in UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions. (Photo: Douglas Levere / University at Buffalo)
Ghazala Saleem, left, director of the Brain Function and Recovery Lab in UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions. (Photo: Douglas Levere / University at Buffalo)

UB researcher recruiting for Buffalo study on concussion in kids and teens

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Tue, Feb 1st 2022 01:25 pm

By the University at Buffalo

A University at Buffalo concussion researcher is recruiting children and teens ages 8-17 for a study examining the effects of sports-related concussion in youths.

Ghazala Saleem, an assistant professor of rehabilitation science and director of the Brain Function and Recovery Lab in UB’s School of Public Health and Health Professions, is leading the study. The goal is to determine whether children who have sustained a concussion demonstrate more loss of balance when performing two tasks at the same time, one cognitive and one motor related.

Researchers will also try to identify whether these balance changes are more pronounced in boys or girls.

“Thus far, it is not known which areas of the brain help children balance themselves or be steady on their feet after concussion,” Saleem said.

Saleem and her team have collected data on 12 participants so far, including four with concussion and eight controls. Saleem hopes to include a total of 135 children. Parents interested in enrolling their child in the study can email Adam Sing at [email protected] for more information.

The study’s findings have the potential to change treatment options for children who have suffered a concussion or even multiple concussions.

“This study will be a first step toward helping children with concussion and post-concussion to receive individualized assessment and treatment,” Saleem said. “In addition, care providers will be more informed about which areas to target during treatment.

“Concussions are serious,” Saleem added. “They are a traumatic brain injury, and sometimes symptoms are mild and not obvious. Studies have been showing that balance and physical limitations persist in children who have received concussion even after clinical resolution, and there is risk of additional brain or leg injury after that.”

Advancing Research on Concussion

The current study is taking place as Saleem continues to advance research on concussion in children.

She was first author on a recent paper published in the Journal of Sport Rehabilitation that provides new knowledge on a simple balance and gait assessment many therapists and athletic trainers use to detect subtle impairments in children and teens who have sustained a concussion.

The assessment may help identify whether a child is ready to return to normal activities or athletic competition. But being able to drill down deeper and identify which of the specific balance and walking tasks within this assessment is most effective could help clinicians distinguish symptomatic children from those who have clinically recovered better and faster.

Saleem’s research suggests that the 30-second, single-leg stance is one such task worthy of being singled out for its effectiveness in detecting subtle deficiencies in a child’s postural control, or their ability to balance and coordinate with other muscle groups in the body.

“Balance deficits exist in some children even after clinical recovery,” she said. “This research emphasizes the use of assessments that can identify balance deficits appropriately both in symptomatic and clinically but not physiologically recovered children.”

Identifying abnormalities in the way a child’s brain organizes information to help them sit, stand and walk is critical, according to Saleem.

“Postural control includes both balance and walking. These are essential abilities that are required to complete the activities of daily living,” she said. “If children continue to experience balance deficits even after recovery, it may influence their ability to return to play or return to school.”

The Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) is a measurement used frequently by clinicians and researchers to identify functional limitations in motor control because it requires only paper and pencil and a stopwatch, and includes both static (balance) and dynamic (walking) tasks. The balance task requires the patient to stand on one foot for 30 seconds (20 seconds is still the standard in many concussion clinics) and then stand on the other; an observer records any errors the subject makes, such as stumbling.

The dynamic tasks include having the patient walk at their normal speed with different variations such as heel-to-toe walking.

Saleem’s study looked at whether static or dynamic tests on the PANESS best identify anomalies in symptomatic and clinically recovered youth after concussion, a finding that could lead to faster assessment approaches for clinicians.

The study enrolled 60 kids ages 10 to 17 who were split into three groups: those who displayed concussion symptoms, youths who were clinically recovered, and age and gender-matched controls who had never had a concussion.

In addition to the PANESS, which measures residual signs of motor control deficits, the team also looked at the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory, a 26-item parent report measure that assesses the severity of post-concussion symptoms. The three groups differed significantly on parent-reported overall symptoms.

The team’s initial hypothesis was that dynamic gait tasks would better identify symptomatic and clinically recovered youth. However, the results suggest that only the standing-on-one-foot test discriminated never-concussed controls from symptomatic and clinically recovered youth after concussion. It did not discriminate between the two concussion groups.

“The ability to perform single-leg stance without losing balance demonstrates adequate neuromuscular control and sufficient lower-extremity strength, attributes needed to return to high-risk activities safely,” the researchers write.

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